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4.1. The General Approach
4.1.1. German Law
Introductory Note
4.G.1. BGH, 23 October 1951. vessel sunk in lock
4.G.2. BGH, 16 February 1972. drivers on the pavement
4.G.3. BGH, 2 July 1991. panic in the piggery
4.G.1. BGH, 23 October 1951. vessel sunk in lock
4.G.2. BGH, 16 February 1972. drivers on the pavement
4.G.3. BGH, 2 July 1991. panic in the piggery
4.1.2. English Law
Introductory Note
4.E.4. Privy Council, Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound (No 1)). oil spill in Sydney harbour
4.E.5. House of Lords, Hughes v Lord Advocate. explosion in manhole
4.E.6. House of Lords, Donaghey v Boulton & Paul Ltd. fall from the roof
4.E.4. Privy Council, Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound (No 1)). oil spill in Sydney harbour
4.E.5. House of Lords, Hughes v Lord Advocate. explosion in manhole
4.E.6. House of Lords, Donaghey v Boulton & Paul Ltd. fall from the roof
4.1.3. French Law
Introductory Note
4.F.7. Cass civ 2e, 3 October 1990. X v GAN. back to France
4.F.8. Cass civ 2e, 20 June 1985. Ghigo v Surdin. sent home barefoot
4.F.9. Cass civ 2e, 20 December 1972. Pagani v Zucchelli. explosives in the shack
4.F.10. Cass civ 3e, 2 July 1974. Biscarrat v André. Shadow from non-adjoining property
4.F.7. Cass civ 2e, 3 October 1990. X v GAN. back to France
4.F.8. Cass civ 2e, 20 June 1985. Ghigo v Surdin. sent home barefoot
4.F.9. Cass civ 2e, 20 December 1972. Pagani v Zucchelli. explosives in the shack
4.F.10. Cass civ 3e, 2 July 1974. Biscarrat v André. Shadow from non-adjoining property
4.2. Establishment of Causal Link
@ 4.2.1. Operation of The Conditio Sine Qua Non ("But For") Test (Additional Materials)
Introductory Note
4.G.11. BGH, 2 July 1957. diverticulum
4.E.12. House of Lords, The Empire Jamaica. uncertificated officer at the helm
4.G.13. BGH, 24 October 1985. early payment
4.F.14. Cass civ 1re, 3 November 1983. SA Agence Waastels v Gombert. no insurance against fire in hotel
4.G.11. BGH, 2 July 1957. diverticulum
4.E.12. House of Lords, The Empire Jamaica. uncertificated officer at the helm
4.G.13. BGH, 24 October 1985. early payment
4.F.14. Cass civ 1re, 3 November 1983. SA Agence Waastels v Gombert. no insurance against fire in hotel
@ 4.2.2. Loss of a Chance and Proportional Liability (Additional Materials)
Introductory Note
4.F.15. Cass civ 1re, 17 November 1982. Goddé v Debrune. mishap in sinus operation
4.F.16. Cass civ 1re, 12 November 1985. Konstantinow v Manrique. thrombosis
4.F.17. Cass civ 1re, 7 February 1990. Jugnet v Hérard. damage to the eye
4.E.18. House of Lords, Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority. schoolboy falls from a tree.
4.F.15. Cass civ 1re, 17 November 1982. Goddé v Debrune. mishap in sinus operation
4.F.16. Cass civ 1re, 12 November 1985. Konstantinow v Manrique. thrombosis
4.F.17. Cass civ 1re, 7 February 1990. Jugnet v Hérard. damage to the eye
4.E.18. House of Lords, Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority. schoolboy falls from a tree.
4.2.3. Burden of Proof(aAditional Materials)
Introductory Note
4.G.19. BGH, 4 October 1983. icy pavement
4.F.20. Cass civ 2e, 15 November 1989. Hirou v Audinet. shed burns down
4.F.21. Cass civ 1re, 16 February 1988. Anquetil-Lelièvre v Houivet. bad car repair
4.F.22. Cass civ 2e, 13 October 1971. Agent judiciaire du Trésor v Pozin. supersonic bang
4.E.23. House of Lords, Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority. excess oxygen
4.G.19. BGH, 4 October 1983. icy pavement
4.F.20. Cass civ 2e, 15 November 1989. Hirou v Audinet. shed burns down
4.F.21. Cass civ 1re, 16 February 1988. Anquetil-Lelièvre v Houivet. bad car repair
4.F.22. Cass civ 2e, 13 October 1971. Agent judiciaire du Trésor v Pozin. supersonic bang
4.E.23. House of Lords, Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority. excess oxygen
4.3. Issues Relating to the Sequence of Events
@ 4.3.1. Predispositions of The Plaintiff (additional materials)
Introductory Note
4.E.24. Queen's Bench Division. Smith v Leech Brain & Co Ltd. cancer from burn by molten metal
4.G.25. OLG Karlsruhe, 25 January 1966. amputation due to step on the foot
4.F.26. Cass civ 2e, 19 July 1966. Leven v Thépaut. loss of only eye
4.E.27. House of Lords, Liesbosch Dredger v Edison Steamship (The Liesbosch). replacement dredger
4.G.28. BGH, 5 July 1963. damage to sole lorry
4.E.24. Queen's Bench Division. Smith v Leech Brain & Co Ltd. cancer from burn by molten metal
4.G.25. OLG Karlsruhe, 25 January 1966. amputation due to step on the foot
4.F.26. Cass civ 2e, 19 July 1966. Leven v Thépaut. loss of only eye
4.E.27. House of Lords, Liesbosch Dredger v Edison Steamship (The Liesbosch). replacement dredger
4.G.28. BGH, 5 July 1963. damage to sole lorry
@ 4.3.2. Subsequent Events (Additional Materials)
Introductory Note
4.E.29. House of Lords,Baker v Willoughby. shot in the injured leg
4.E.30. House of Lords, Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd. injury followed by illness
4.G.31. BGH, 24 April 1952. artillery fire
4.F.32. Cass civ 2e, 8 February 1989. Chardin v Garnier. caught by fire.
4.E.29. House of Lords,Baker v Willoughby. shot in the injured leg
4.E.30. House of Lords, Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd. injury followed by illness
4.G.31. BGH, 24 April 1952. artillery fire
4.F.32. Cass civ 2e, 8 February 1989. Chardin v Garnier. caught by fire.
@ 4.3.3. Voluntary Intervention of Third Party - Pursuit Andrescue Cases (Additional Materials)
Introductory Note
4.F.33. Cass civ 2e, 17 March 1977. Sarl Les transports héandais v SA Les grands travaux du Forez. vandalism with stolen excavator
4.G.34. BGH, 10 December 1996. theft from damaged armoured vehicle
4.G.35. BGH, 13 July 1971. pursuit in train station
4.E.36. Court of Appeal, Knightley v Johns. riding wrong way through tunnel
4.G.37. BGH, 30 June 1987. kidney donation
4.F.33. Cass civ 2e, 17 March 1977. Sarl Les transports héandais v SA Les grands travaux du Forez. vandalism with stolen excavator
4.G.34. BGH, 10 December 1996. theft from damaged armoured vehicle
4.G.35. BGH, 13 July 1971. pursuit in train station
4.E.36. Court of Appeal, Knightley v Johns. riding wrong way through tunnel
4.G.37. BGH, 30 June 1987. kidney donation
4.4. Multiple Tortfeasors and Multiple Causes
4.4.1. Joint Tortfeasors
4.4.2. Plurality of Established Causes
Introductory Note
4.F.38. Cass civ 2e, 4 March 1970, Séguier v Sfolcini. motorcycle passenger
4.F.39. Cass civ 2e, 17 March 1971, Scaglia v Ferricelli. car passenger
4.E.40. Court of Appeal, Fitzgerald v Lane. double hit
4.G.41. BGH, 16 June 1959. motorcycle accident
4.F.38. Cass civ 2e, 4 March 1970, Séguier v Sfolcini. motorcycle passenger
4.F.39. Cass civ 2e, 17 March 1971, Scaglia v Ferricelli. car passenger
4.E.40. Court of Appeal, Fitzgerald v Lane. double hit
4.G.41. BGH, 16 June 1959. motorcycle accident
4.4.3. Uncertainty Concerning the Actual Tortfeasor
Introductory Note
4.F.42. Cass civ, 5 June 1957, Litzinger v Kintzler. hunting accident
4.G.43. BGH, 1 October 1957. fall on rough track
4.NL.44. Hoge Raad, 9 October 1992, B v Bayer Nederland Bv DES daughters
4.F.42. Cass civ, 5 June 1957, Litzinger v Kintzler. hunting accident
4.G.43. BGH, 1 October 1957. fall on rough track
4.NL.44. Hoge Raad, 9 October 1992, B v Bayer Nederland Bv DES daughters
4.5. Comparative Overview
Causation as an inquiry into the sequence of events
The introduction of probabilistic elements and the normative approach to causation
The "but for" test and its application
Complex cases: perte d'une chance and relaxation of the burden of proof
The chain of events
Multiple tortfeasors and multiple causes
The appropriateness of causation theories
The introduction of probabilistic elements and the normative approach to causation
The "but for" test and its application
Complex cases: perte d'une chance and relaxation of the burden of proof
The chain of events
Multiple tortfeasors and multiple causes
The appropriateness of causation theories
