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3.1. Introduction
3.2. Rationales and Conceptions of Idirect Discrimination Law
3.2.1. Rationales
3.2.1.A. Preventing Circumvention of Prohibition
3.2.1.B. Social Engineering
3.2.2. Conceptual Issues
3.2.2.A. Form and Substance
3.2.2.B. Distributive and Corrective Justice
3.2.2.C. Groups and Individuals
3.2.2.D. Conceptual Hybridism of Indirect Discrimination Law
3.2.3. Limits of Indirect Discrimination Law
3.SE.2. K Lundstrøm, Indirect Sex Discrimination in the European Court of Justice’s
Vision
3.3. Origins of Indirect Discrimination Law
3.3.1. International Human Rights Law
3.3.1.A. Earlier Emanations of The Concept
3.3.1.B. Modern International Law and Indirect Discrimination—United Nations
General Human Rights Pacts
3.UN.4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UN)
3.UN.5. UN Human Rights Committee, 8 August 2003, Communication No 998/2001, Althammer v Austria. indirect discrimination against pensioners
3.UN.5. UN Human Rights Committee, 8 August 2003, Communication No 998/2001, Althammer v Austria. indirect discrimination against pensioners
Specific UN Non-Discrimination Conventions
3.UN.6. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
3.UN.7. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
3.UN.8. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 5 August 2003, Communication No 31/2003, LR et al (represented by European Roma Rights Centre) v Slovakia. indirect ethnic discrimination – city council withdrawing funding programme favouring Roma families in response to a racist motion by majority citizens
3.UN.9. General Recommendation No 25, on Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, on temporary special measures
3.UN.7. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
3.UN.8. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 5 August 2003, Communication No 31/2003, LR et al (represented by European Roma Rights Centre) v Slovakia. indirect ethnic discrimination – city council withdrawing funding programme favouring Roma families in response to a racist motion by majority citizens
3.UN.9. General Recommendation No 25, on Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, on temporary special measures
3.3.1.C. European Human Rights Law and Indirect Discrimination
3.CoE.10. ECtHR, 6 January 2005, Hoogendijk v The Netherlands. whether submitting a claim for a social benefit to a means test constitutes sex discrimination
3.CoE.11. ECtHR, 7 February 2006, DH and others v Czech Republic. whether article 14 includes prohibition to indirectly discriminate
3.CoE.12. European Committee on Social Rights, 10 March 2004, International Association Autism – Europe (IAAE) v France. whether denying autistic children adequate schooling (including access to mainstream schools) amounts to (inter alia) discrimination
3.CoE.11. ECtHR, 7 February 2006, DH and others v Czech Republic. whether article 14 includes prohibition to indirectly discriminate
3.CoE.12. European Committee on Social Rights, 10 March 2004, International Association Autism – Europe (IAAE) v France. whether denying autistic children adequate schooling (including access to mainstream schools) amounts to (inter alia) discrimination
3.3.1.D. Summary on International Law
3.3.2. Origins of Modern Indirect Discrimination Law: US, UK and Irish Law
3.3.3. Indirect Discrimination in European Community Law — Developing The Definition
3.3.3.A. Indirect Discrimination in Internal Market Law and in Equality Law
3.3.3.B. Indirect Discrimination in Equality Law: Case-Law and Legislative Definitions
Establishing The Concept by Case-Law
3.EC.14. ECJ, 12 February 1974, Case 152/73, Sotgiu v Deutsche Post. whether disadvantage on grounds of permanent residence outside Germany amounts to discrimination on grounds of nationality
3.EC.15. ECJ, 31 March 1981, Case 96/80, Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd. whether lower hourly rates for part time work constitute sex discrimination
3.EC.16. ECJ, 13 May 1986, Case 170/84, Bilka – Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz. whether requiring full time work to be included in occupational pension scheme is indirect discrimination
3.EC.15. ECJ, 31 March 1981, Case 96/80, Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd. whether lower hourly rates for part time work constitute sex discrimination
3.EC.16. ECJ, 13 May 1986, Case 170/84, Bilka – Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz. whether requiring full time work to be included in occupational pension scheme is indirect discrimination
Codifying The Definition
3.EC.17. Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (Racial Equality Directive)
3.EC.18. Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (Employment Equality Directive)
3.EC.19. Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions, amended by Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 (Gender Employment Directive)
3.EC.18. Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (Employment Equality Directive)
3.EC.19. Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions, amended by Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 (Gender Employment Directive)
3.4. Problems of Comparison
3.4.1. Indirect Discrimination in French Law
3.FR.20. Court of Cassation, 10 January 1995, Case 92-82490, Baggio. rule of Sunday rest as indirect sex discrimination
3.FR.21. Court of Cassation, 27 June 1995, Mme Marrie et Sauty. rule of Sunday rest as indirect sex discrimination
3.FR.22. Court of Cassation, 9 April 1996, Case 92 – 41103, Soufflet v CPAM. discrimination against part time workers and (indirect) sex discrimination
3.FR.23. Court of Cassation, 28 March 1995, Case 94-3154, CNAV v Thibault. performance evaluation and pregnancy discrimination
3.FR.24. Ph Martin, Droit social et discriminations sexuelles: à propos des discriminations générées par la loi
3.FR.25. Court of Appeal Rennes, 5 February 2002, SA Cogifer v Ferre, Gruel, Robert et Tarib. reduction in working time and indirect discrimination
3.FR.21. Court of Cassation, 27 June 1995, Mme Marrie et Sauty. rule of Sunday rest as indirect sex discrimination
3.FR.22. Court of Cassation, 9 April 1996, Case 92 – 41103, Soufflet v CPAM. discrimination against part time workers and (indirect) sex discrimination
3.FR.23. Court of Cassation, 28 March 1995, Case 94-3154, CNAV v Thibault. performance evaluation and pregnancy discrimination
3.FR.24. Ph Martin, Droit social et discriminations sexuelles: à propos des discriminations générées par la loi
3.FR.25. Court of Appeal Rennes, 5 February 2002, SA Cogifer v Ferre, Gruel, Robert et Tarib. reduction in working time and indirect discrimination
3.4.2. Indirect Discrimination in Scandinavian Law
3.FI.26. K Ahtela, The Revised Provisions on Sex Discrimination in European Community Law: A Critical Assessment
3.4.3. Indirect Discrimination in German Law
3.4.4. Indirect Discrimination in British and Irish Law
3.4.5. Indirect Discrimination in Dutch Law
3.4.6. Indirect Discrimination in Other Member States
3.5. Indirect Discrimination — Specific Elements
3.5.1. Establishing Detrimental Effect
3.5.1.A. To What is The Detrimental Effect Attributed?
Specific Requirement or Condition
3.GB.28. Court of Appeal, 1 February 1983, Perera v The Civil Service Commission and The Department of Customs and Excise. whether referring to three criteria is sufficient to establish a “specific requirement”
3.IE.29. Equality Tribunal, 27 February 2003, Bukola Ogunlade and Sola Oyefeso v Michael Guiney Limited Cork. indirect racial discrimination by denying access to persons on their identification as past troublemakers
3.EC.30. ECJ, 27 October 1993, C-127/92, Enderby v French Health Authority. indirect wage discrimination by applying different collective agreements to predominantly female and male groups of employees respectively
3.GB.31. Court of Appeal, 23 March 2001, Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College. whether “downgrading” part time lecturers to self employed service providers constitutes indirect discrimination
3.GB.32. Race Relations Act as amended by The Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 Statutory Instrument 2003 No 1626
3.IE.29. Equality Tribunal, 27 February 2003, Bukola Ogunlade and Sola Oyefeso v Michael Guiney Limited Cork. indirect racial discrimination by denying access to persons on their identification as past troublemakers
3.EC.30. ECJ, 27 October 1993, C-127/92, Enderby v French Health Authority. indirect wage discrimination by applying different collective agreements to predominantly female and male groups of employees respectively
3.GB.31. Court of Appeal, 23 March 2001, Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College. whether “downgrading” part time lecturers to self employed service providers constitutes indirect discrimination
3.GB.32. Race Relations Act as amended by The Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 Statutory Instrument 2003 No 1626
A Wider Approach (A Collective Approach)
3.FI.33. Finnish Supreme Court, 14 June 2004, Case 59/2004, Employees v Town of Kajaani. indirect discrimination, laying off a significant number of staff
3.DE.34. Federal Labour Court, 8 February 2003, A Claimant v Freie Hanse Stadt Hamburg. indirect discrimination: denying full time employment to pre-school teachers
3.FR.35. Court of Cassation, 9 June 1998, Case No 96-40390, Société Bureau moderne informatique et négoce interprofessionnel v Mme Gaborit. whether dismissal from a position usually occupied by women is indirect discrimination
3.NL.36. Supreme Court, 10 December 1982, Van Binderen v Kaya. whether a housing association is guilty of indirect ethnic discrimination when granting a disproportionately low percentage of their tenancies to foreign workers
3.DE.34. Federal Labour Court, 8 February 2003, A Claimant v Freie Hanse Stadt Hamburg. indirect discrimination: denying full time employment to pre-school teachers
3.FR.35. Court of Cassation, 9 June 1998, Case No 96-40390, Société Bureau moderne informatique et négoce interprofessionnel v Mme Gaborit. whether dismissal from a position usually occupied by women is indirect discrimination
3.NL.36. Supreme Court, 10 December 1982, Van Binderen v Kaya. whether a housing association is guilty of indirect ethnic discrimination when granting a disproportionately low percentage of their tenancies to foreign workers
What is The Precise Factor from which Detrimental Effect Flows in Equal Pay Cases?
Special Quality of Equal Pay Cases and Relevance of Indirect Discrimination
ECJ Case-Law
3.EC.37. ECJ, 1 July 1986, Case 237/85, Rummler v Dato Druck. indirect discrimination: work requiring less muscle power in lower wage group
3.EC.38. ECJ, 17 October 1989, C-109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Danfoss. whether a gender pay gap resulting from a system of bonuses establishes detrimental effect
3.EC.39. ECJ, 31 May 1995, C – 400/93, Specialarbejderforbundet i Danmark v Dansk Industri, formerly Industriens Arbejdsgivere, acting for Royal Copenhagen A/S. whether statistical differences in pay between three groups of workers are sufficient to establish detrimental effect of a pay system
3.EC.38. ECJ, 17 October 1989, C-109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Danfoss. whether a gender pay gap resulting from a system of bonuses establishes detrimental effect
3.EC.39. ECJ, 31 May 1995, C – 400/93, Specialarbejderforbundet i Danmark v Dansk Industri, formerly Industriens Arbejdsgivere, acting for Royal Copenhagen A/S. whether statistical differences in pay between three groups of workers are sufficient to establish detrimental effect of a pay system
National Case-Law
3.DE.40. Federal Labour Court, 23 September 1992, 4 AZR 30/92. whether categorising most men in a higher wage group than most women amounts to indirect discrimination
3.ES.41. Spanish Constitutional Court, 28 February 1994, Case 58/1994, Works council de Antonio Puig SA on behalf of 140 workers v Antonio Puig SA. wage categories and (indirect) sex discrimination
3.ES.42. Spanish Constitutional Court, 16 October 1995, Case 147/1995, ESK – CUIS representing 25 workers v Gomaytex SA. whether granting lower remuneration to staff in departments predominantly staffed by women amounts to indirect pay discrimination
3.ES.41. Spanish Constitutional Court, 28 February 1994, Case 58/1994, Works council de Antonio Puig SA on behalf of 140 workers v Antonio Puig SA. wage categories and (indirect) sex discrimination
3.ES.42. Spanish Constitutional Court, 16 October 1995, Case 147/1995, ESK – CUIS representing 25 workers v Gomaytex SA. whether granting lower remuneration to staff in departments predominantly staffed by women amounts to indirect pay discrimination
Conclusions and Present Definition in EC Law
3.5.1.B. How is Detrimental Effect Established?
Statistical and Other Approaches — The Policy Debate
Disparate Impact Established by Statistics
Overview
Choosing the Pool of Comparators
3.EC.44. ECJ, 30 November 1993, C – 189/91, Kirsammer-Hack v Sidal. whether exempting establishments with less than 5 employees from statutory employment protection is indirect sex discrimination, if employees working less than 10 hours a week do not count towards the minimum
3.EC.45. ECJ, 31 May 1995, C – 400/93, Specialarbejderforbundet i Danmark v Dansk Industri, formerly Industriens Arbejdsgivere, acting for Royal Copenhagen A/S. whether statistical differences in pay between three groups of workers are sufficient to establish detrimental effect of a pay system
3.DE.46. Federal Constitutional Court, 27 November 1997, 1 BUL 12/91. whether excluding part time employees working less than 18 hours a week from an additional pension scheme constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.47. Court of Appeal, 21 December 1992, Jones v University of Manchester. whether a requirement for a university graduate career adviser to be aged 27-35 indirectly discriminated against women
3.EC.45. ECJ, 31 May 1995, C – 400/93, Specialarbejderforbundet i Danmark v Dansk Industri, formerly Industriens Arbejdsgivere, acting for Royal Copenhagen A/S. whether statistical differences in pay between three groups of workers are sufficient to establish detrimental effect of a pay system
3.DE.46. Federal Constitutional Court, 27 November 1997, 1 BUL 12/91. whether excluding part time employees working less than 18 hours a week from an additional pension scheme constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.47. Court of Appeal, 21 December 1992, Jones v University of Manchester. whether a requirement for a university graduate career adviser to be aged 27-35 indirectly discriminated against women
Establishing Disparate Impact (Which Numbers are to be Compared Exactly?)
3.EC.48. ECJ, 9 September 1999, C – 281/97, Krüger v Kreiskrankenhaus Eberswalde. whether denying a year end bonus to part time employees working less than 10 hours a week constitutes indirect gender discrimination
3.EC.49. ECJ, 23 October 2003, C – 4/02, C – 5/02, Hilde Schönheit v Stadt Frankfurt aM and Sylvia Becker v Land Hessen. whether degressively reducing a public servant’s pension for years worked part time constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.50. House of Lords, 22 July 1999, Barry v Midland Bank Plc. whether paying less severance grant to those who have worked part time constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.51. Court of Appeal, 21 May 1998, London Underground Ltd v Edwards. whether changing a train operator’s rostering scheme is indirect discrimination
3.NL.52. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1997-4. indirect sex discrimination by disregarding seniority of former stand-by stewardesses who proceed to regular employment
3.DE.53. Federal Labour Court, 20 August 2002, 9 AZR 750/00. whether excluding from the right to reduce working time upon reaching the age of 60 such employees as can claim a pension is indirect discrimination
3.EC.49. ECJ, 23 October 2003, C – 4/02, C – 5/02, Hilde Schönheit v Stadt Frankfurt aM and Sylvia Becker v Land Hessen. whether degressively reducing a public servant’s pension for years worked part time constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.50. House of Lords, 22 July 1999, Barry v Midland Bank Plc. whether paying less severance grant to those who have worked part time constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.51. Court of Appeal, 21 May 1998, London Underground Ltd v Edwards. whether changing a train operator’s rostering scheme is indirect discrimination
3.NL.52. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1997-4. indirect sex discrimination by disregarding seniority of former stand-by stewardesses who proceed to regular employment
3.DE.53. Federal Labour Court, 20 August 2002, 9 AZR 750/00. whether excluding from the right to reduce working time upon reaching the age of 60 such employees as can claim a pension is indirect discrimination
Degree of Adversity (“considerably higher”)
3.EC.54. ECJ, 9 February 1999, C – 167/97, Regina v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Nicole Seymour-Smith and Laura Perez). two year qualification period for employment protection as indirect sex discrimination
3.GB.55. House of Lords, 17 February 2000, R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith and another. two year qualification period for employment protection as indirect sex discrimination
3.NL.56. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1998-66. indirect sex discrimination by composing a redundancy list in accordance with seniority
3.GB.55. House of Lords, 17 February 2000, R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith and another. two year qualification period for employment protection as indirect sex discrimination
3.NL.56. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1998-66. indirect sex discrimination by composing a redundancy list in accordance with seniority
Special Causation Requirements
3.GB.57. Employment Appeal Tribunal, 15 July 1977, Price v Civil Service Commission. indirect sex discrimination by maximum age-limit in relation to civil service
3.DE.58. Federal Labour Court, 2 December 1992, 4 AZR 52/92. whether excluding part time employees from regular promotions constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.DE.58. Federal Labour Court, 2 December 1992, 4 AZR 52/92. whether excluding part time employees from regular promotions constitutes indirect sex discrimination
Agreement on Disparate Impact
Qualitative Arguments to Establish Detrimental Effect
The New Formula in the Recent Directives and Its Background
Factors where Detrimental Effect has been Assumed Prior to Implementation of Younger Directives
3.EC.61. ECJ, 17 October 1989, C-109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Danfoss. Whether a gender pay gap resulting from a system of bonuses establishes detrimental effect
3.NL.62. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-56. whether an occupational doctor may be denied working time reduction for study purposes on the grounds that she works part time
3.ES.63. Spanish Constitutional Court, 28 February 1994, Case 58/1994, Works council de Antonio Puig SA on behalf of 140 workers v Antonio Puig SA. wage categories and (indirect) sex discrimination
3.IE.64. Equality Tribunal, 6 February 2004, Martin McDonagh v Navan Hire Limited. whether not hiring a sanding machine to customers without a permanent address is indirect racial discrimination
3.NL.65. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-109. indirect religious discrimination by referring to headscarf
3.NL.66. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 2004-112. indirect discrimination on grounds of religion by refusing to serve persons wearing head-coverings
3.NL.62. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-56. whether an occupational doctor may be denied working time reduction for study purposes on the grounds that she works part time
3.ES.63. Spanish Constitutional Court, 28 February 1994, Case 58/1994, Works council de Antonio Puig SA on behalf of 140 workers v Antonio Puig SA. wage categories and (indirect) sex discrimination
3.IE.64. Equality Tribunal, 6 February 2004, Martin McDonagh v Navan Hire Limited. whether not hiring a sanding machine to customers without a permanent address is indirect racial discrimination
3.NL.65. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-109. indirect religious discrimination by referring to headscarf
3.NL.66. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 2004-112. indirect discrimination on grounds of religion by refusing to serve persons wearing head-coverings
Assessing Detrimental Effect without Statistical Evidence Following the Younger Directives
3.NL.67. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 2004-143. whether requiring an employee for telephone marketing to speak Dutch without a foreign accent constitutes indirect racial discrimination
3.SE.68. Labour Court, 4 December 2002, Ombudsman ethnic discrimination (DO) v Tjänsföretagens Arbetsgivarförbund and GfK Sv Aktiebolag. whether requiring a telephone interviewer to speak Swedish without a foreign accent amounts to indirect discrimination on grounds of race
3.BE.69. Court of Appeal Antwerpen, 14 June 2005, 9 appellants v Provincial Administration of Limburg. prohibiting wearing any headcovers as indirect discrimination on grounds of religion
3.DK.70. L Roseberry, Tørklædediskrimination på arbejdsmarkedet
3.SE.68. Labour Court, 4 December 2002, Ombudsman ethnic discrimination (DO) v Tjänsföretagens Arbetsgivarförbund and GfK Sv Aktiebolag. whether requiring a telephone interviewer to speak Swedish without a foreign accent amounts to indirect discrimination on grounds of race
3.BE.69. Court of Appeal Antwerpen, 14 June 2005, 9 appellants v Provincial Administration of Limburg. prohibiting wearing any headcovers as indirect discrimination on grounds of religion
3.DK.70. L Roseberry, Tørklædediskrimination på arbejdsmarkedet
Assessment
3.5.2. Objective Justification
3.5.2.A. A “Justification Proper“ or an Element of Causation?
Objective Justification as “Justification Proper”
3.EC.71. ECJ, 17 October 1989, C-109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Danfoss
3.NL.72. Dutch Equal Treatment Act
3.NL.73. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1997-4. indirect sex discrimination by disregarding seniority of former stand-by stewardesses who proceed to regular employment
3.NL.72. Dutch Equal Treatment Act
3.NL.73. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1997-4. indirect sex discrimination by disregarding seniority of former stand-by stewardesses who proceed to regular employment
“Objective Justification” as Causal Link Test — An Integrated Aproach
Assessment
3.5.2.B. Standards of Scrutiny
Community Law and ECJ Case-Law
Strict Standard of Scrutiny In Relation to Employers (Sex Equality Law)
A Loose Standard In Relation to Member States
3.EC.75. ECJ, 9 February 1999, C – 167/97, Regina v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Nicole Seymour-Smith and Laura Perez. two year qualification period for employment protection as indirect sex discrimination
3.EC.76. ECJ, 26 September 2000, C – 322/98, Kachelmann v Bankhaus Lampe. indirect sex discrimination by reducing the pool of comparable employees for part time employees to other part time employees in cases of dismissal for economic reasons
3.EC.76. ECJ, 26 September 2000, C – 322/98, Kachelmann v Bankhaus Lampe. indirect sex discrimination by reducing the pool of comparable employees for part time employees to other part time employees in cases of dismissal for economic reasons
National Case-Law
3.GB.77. House of Lords, 17 February 2000, R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith and another. two year qualification period for employment protection as indirect sex discrimination
3.NL.78. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-56. whether an occupational doctor may be denied working time reduction for study purposes on the grounds that she works part time
3.SE.79. Labour Court, 21 September 2005, Equal Opportunity Ombundsman (JämO) v Teknikarbeitsgivarna and VOLVO Car Co. whether requiring a height between 163 and 195 cm indirectly discriminates against women
3.NL.78. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-56. whether an occupational doctor may be denied working time reduction for study purposes on the grounds that she works part time
3.SE.79. Labour Court, 21 September 2005, Equal Opportunity Ombundsman (JämO) v Teknikarbeitsgivarna and VOLVO Car Co. whether requiring a height between 163 and 195 cm indirectly discriminates against women
3.5.2.C. Objective Justification — Practical Examples and Application at National Level
Economic Arguments as Objective Justification
EC law
3.EC.80. ECJ, 6 April 2000, C – 226/98, Birgitte Jørgensen v Foreningen af Speciallæger (FS) and Sygesikringens Forhandlingsudvalg (SF). whether forcible reclassification of medical practices to part time following decrease of turnover indirectly discriminates against women
3.EC.81. ECJ, 23 October 2003, C – 4/02, C – 5/02, Hilde Schönheit v Stadt Frankfurt aM and Sylvia Becker v Land Hessen. whether degressively reducing a public servant’s pension for years worked part time constitutes indirect sex discrimination
3.EC.81. ECJ, 23 October 2003, C – 4/02, C – 5/02, Hilde Schönheit v Stadt Frankfurt aM and Sylvia Becker v Land Hessen. whether degressively reducing a public servant’s pension for years worked part time constitutes indirect sex discrimination
National Law
3.FI.82. Finnish Supreme Court, 14 June 2004, Case 59/2004, Employees v Town of Kajaani. indirect discrimination, laying off a significant number of staff
3.DE.83. Federal Labour Court, 26 January 2005, 4 AZR 509/03. whether reducing wages in a predominantly female sector in order to avoid outsourcing amounts to indirect sex discrimination
3.DE.83. Federal Labour Court, 26 January 2005, 4 AZR 509/03. whether reducing wages in a predominantly female sector in order to avoid outsourcing amounts to indirect sex discrimination
Objective Justification Irrespective of “Grounds”, Truly Neutral Justifications
3.BE.84. Court of Appeal Antwerpen, 14 June 2005, 9 appellants v Provincial Administration of Limburg. prohibiting wearing any headcovers as indirect discrimination on grounds of religion
3.NL.85. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-109. indirect religious discrimination by referring to headscarf
3.NL.86. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 2004-112. indirect discrimination on grounds of religion by refusing to serve persons wearing head-coverings
3.NL.85. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 1996-109. indirect religious discrimination by referring to headscarf
3.NL.86. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 2004-112. indirect discrimination on grounds of religion by refusing to serve persons wearing head-coverings
Neutral Justifications In Relation to Ethnic Origin – Language Requirements
3.NL.87. Equal Treatment Commission, Opinion 2004-143. whether requiring an employee for telephone marketing to speak Dutch without a foreign accent constitutes indirect racial discrimination
3.SE.88. Labour Court, 4 December 2002, Ombudsman ethnic discrimination (DO) v Tjänsföretagens Arbetsgivarförbund and GfK Sv Aktiebolag. whether requiring a telephone interviewer to speak Swedish without a foreign accent amounts to indirect discrimination on grounds of race
3.SE.88. Labour Court, 4 December 2002, Ombudsman ethnic discrimination (DO) v Tjänsföretagens Arbetsgivarförbund and GfK Sv Aktiebolag. whether requiring a telephone interviewer to speak Swedish without a foreign accent amounts to indirect discrimination on grounds of race
Neutral Justification In Relation to Different Grounds with Contradictory Results
3.DE.89. Federal Labour Court, An applicant v A defendant. whether excluding from the right to reduce working time upon reaching the age of 60 such employees as can claim a pension is indirect discrimination
3.DE.90. Federal Labour Court, 9 AZR 750/00. whether denying part time work on grounds of age to a disabled person entitled to a pension is indirect discrimination
3.DE.90. Federal Labour Court, 9 AZR 750/00. whether denying part time work on grounds of age to a disabled person entitled to a pension is indirect discrimination
3.5.2.D. Comparability of Situations as a New and Special Hurdle
3.EC.91. ECJ, 8 June 2004, C – 220/02, Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund, Gewerkschaft der Privatangestellten v Wirtschaftskammer Österreich
3.EC.92. ECJ, 12 October 2004, 313/02, Wippel v Peek and Cloppenburg. legislation providing for minimum and maximum working time – exception for part time
3.EC.92. ECJ, 12 October 2004, 313/02, Wippel v Peek and Cloppenburg. legislation providing for minimum and maximum working time – exception for part time
