Along came a spider...

I. Consumer protection and the evolution of European contract law

I.A. The emerging EU contract law: towards a 'Common Frame of Reference'

I.A.1. 2001-2003 EU Commission's communications

I.A.2. Academic projects as input for future harmonisation

3.1 (EU) CFI (5th Chamber) Case T-333/03, 16 November 2006, Masdar (UK) Ltd v European Commission, Benevolent intervention in another's affairs. O·H
3.2 (ES) Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court), 31 October 2006, Tomás and Almudena v Casimiro and María Milagros, PECL to the rescue of the deceived buyer.

I.A.3. The common frame of reference ('CFR'), 2007-2009

3.3 (EU) H-W Micklitz, (Self) Reflections on Academic Attempts at the Preparation of a Codification of European Contract Law, 2007.
3.4 (EU) R Zimmermann, European Contract Law: General Report, 2007.

I.A.4. The European civil code in the background

I.B. Consumer protection directives

I.B.1. A fragmented approach

I.B.2. Towards a new comprehensive approach: green paper of 2001 and communication of 2004 (revision of the acquis)

I.B.3. The green paper on the review of the consumer acquis and the proposal for a Directive on consumer rights

I.B.4. A 'European consumer code' in the background?

I.C. Coordination between European contract law and European consumer law? Questions and trends

3.5 (EU) Study Group on Social Justice in European Private Law, Social Justice in European Contract Law: a Manifesto, 2004.

II. Formation of contract

II.A. Introduction: non-negotiated contracts with consumers

3.6 (IT) L Cavalaglio, Formation of contract, 2006.

II.B. Offer

II.B.1. The concept of and requirements for an offer ('objective' elements)

3.7 (EU) Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), 2009. O·H

II.B.2. Intention to be bound and consumer Directives which require clarification of a party's intention

3.8 (EU) The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), 2009. O·H
3.9 (EU) Distance Selling Directive, 20 May 1997. O·H
3.10 (EU) Directive on Electronic Commerce, 8 June 2000. O·H
3.11 (FR) Cass Civ 2e, 11 February 1998, False reward becomes true. O·H
3.12 (FR) Cour de Cassation, Chambre Mixte, 6 September 2002, Prize won or pure sweepstake participation. O·H
3.13 (UK) Court of Appeal, 1982, Lambert v Lewis, Fool-proof towing hitches. O
3.14 (UK) Bowerman v Association of British Travel Agents Ltd (ABTA), 21 November 1995, Who pays for my failed travel?.
3.15 (EU) Directive on package travel, package holidays and package tours , 13 June 1990. O·H

II.B.3. 'Subjective' elements of an offer

II.B.3.a. The addressee: offers to the public, to undetermined consumers and to determined consumers
3.16 (FR) Cass Civ 3e, 28 November 1968, Maltzkorn v Braquet, Trapped by a press announcement. O·H
3.17 (FR) Cour d'appel (Court of Appeal) Paris, 2 March 1992, Euromarché v Inter Discount France, Video recorder for consumers, not for resellers.
II.B.3.b. The role of the prior activity of the consumer (passive/active)
3.18 (AT) OGH (Supreme Court), 8 July 2003, Verein für Konsumenteninformation v I AG, Talking to an automated message: who makes the offer?. O·H

II.B.4. Formal requirements/ restrictions of offers

3.19 (EU) Distance Selling Directive , 20 May 1997. O·H
3.20 (DE) OLG (Court of Appeal) Hamburg , 23 December 2004, The cost of a woman's pullover and wristwatch. O·H
3.21 (EU) Directive on electronic commerce, 8 June 2000. O·H
3.22 (EU) Distance Selling Directive, 20 May 1997. O·H

II.B.5. The binding character if an offer (and of an advertisement?): cases involving unwilling sellers

II.B.5.a. Limits on the binding character of public statements (legal and contractual limits)
3.23 (EU) Consumer Sales Directive, 25 May 1999. O·H
3.24 (FR) Cour d'appel (Court of Appeal) Toulouse, 6 November 1995, comptoir général d'ameublement Teisseire International (S.A.R.L.) v Union Fédérale des Consommateurs (UFC), Sine Die cooker installation.
II.B.5.b. Is the trader/offeror bound by mistakes in the declaration and by typing errors?
3.25 (DE) BHG (Federal Supreme Court) , 26 January 2005, The €2.650 computer offered at €245. O·H
3.26 (FR) Cour d'appel (Court of Appeal), 8 January 2001, SA Castorama v Mr X, Swimming pool at bargain price. O·H
3.27 (EU) The Acquis Principles (ACQP), 2007. O
II.B.5.c. Controversial types of 'offers'
3.28 (UK) Privy Council No.3 of 1973, 25 February 1974, The New Zealand Shipping Company Limited v A, M. Satterthwaite & Company Limited, Practical English law. O·H
i) Advertisements
3.29 (EU) Consumer Sales Directive (99/44/EC), 25 May 1999. O·H
3.30 (BE) Hof van Beroep (Court of Appeal) Bergen, 6 February 1996, Etat belge v SA Movitex, The binding brochure. O
ii) Display of goods for sale in a shop (supermarket, shop-window, shelves in a self-service shop, etc)
3.31 (UK) G Treitel, The Law of Contract, 2003.
iii) Auctions
3.32 (DE) Federal Supreme Court VIII ZR 13/01, 7 November 2001, Ricardo.de, internet auction of a new car. O·H
3.33 (UK) Court of Appeal, 2000, Heathcote ball & Co (Commercial Auctions) Ltd. v Paul Barry, Auction of machines without reserve price. O·H
iv) Web pages
v) Automatic distributors/machines
vi) Tacit offers (offers by conduct)
3.34 (FR) Cass civ 1e, 2 December 1969, Ms Jean Jacques v Societé des Autoplaces, Dangerous taxi for old ladies. O·H

II.B.6. Lapse of an offer

II.B.7. Revocability of an offer

3.35 (EU) The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), 2009. O·H

II.C. Acceptance

II.C.1. Requirements for express acceptance

II.C.2. Requirements for implied acceptance: silence, inertia selling and unwilling buyers

3.36 (EU) G Dannemann, Formation of Contracts on the Internet, 2002.

II.C.3. Correction of input errors

3.37 (EU) Directive on electronic commerce, 8 June 2000. O·H
3.38 (EU) The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), 2009. O·H

II.C.4. Period of time for prior reflection ('délai de réflexion préalable')

II.C.5. Confirmation of the acceptance (acknowledgment of receipt)

3.39 (EU) Directive on Electronic Commerce, 8 June 2000. O·H
3.40 (EU) The Acquis Principles (ACQP), 2008. O·H
3.41 (DE) AG (Court of First Instance) Butzbach, 14 June 2002, Thank you for your e-mail. O·H

II.C.6. Moment and place of conclusion of the contract

III. Information duties

III.A. Introduction

3.42 (EU) R Sefton-Green, Duties to inform versus Part Autonomy. Reversing the Paradigm: from Free Consent to Informed Consent? A Comparative Account of French and English Law, 2005.
3.43 (EU) G Howells and T Wilhelmsson, EC Consumer Law: Has it Come of Age, 2003.
3.44 (EU) G Howells and T Wilhelmsson, EC Consumer Law: Has it Come of Age?, 2003.
3.45 (EU) GK Hadfield, R Howse, M Trebilcock, Information-Based Principles for Rethinking Consumer Protection Policy , 1998.

III.B. General information Duties

III.B.1. Introduction

3.46 (UK) England and Wales Court of Appeal, 27 February 2004, Dead body parts. O·H

III.B.2. Based on general contract law

III.B.2.a. Existence and legal basis
3.47 (FR) Cass civ , 18 February 1997, Caisse régionale de Crédit agricole mutuelle la Gironde v Mme Dorian, Badly informed guarantor. O·H
III.B.2.b. Scope
3.48 (FR) Cass civ , 2 May 2001, Broken Dutch. O·H

III.B.3. Based on explicit statutory provisions

III.B.3.a. National law
3.49 (FR) Code de la Consommation, 1 January 2010. O·H
3.50 (FR) Cass civ, 1 March 2005, Concrete. O
III.B.3.b. EC law

III.C. Specific information duties

3.51 (EU) Distance Selling Directive, 20 May 1997. O·H
3.52 (EU) Directive on Electronic Commerce, 8 June 2000. O·H
3.53 (DE) OLG (Court of Appeal) München, 11 September 2003, Transparent weblink. O·H
3.54 (DE) OLG (Court of Appeal) Karlsruhe, 27 March 2002, Opaque weblink. O·H

III.D. Remedies

III.D.1. Introduction

III.D.2. General private law remedies

III.D.2.a. Avoidance
3.55 (ES) Audiencia Provincial (Court of Appeal) Castellón, 1 July 1999, Juan Bautista RR y Teresa GM v Mundivac SA y Acualandia SA, Voidable timeshare contract. O
3.56 (FR) Cour de cassation, civ. 1re, 7 December 2004, Trade in furniture. H
III.D.2.b. Specific performance
III.D.2.c. Damages
3.57 (BE) Hof van Beroep (Court of Appeal) Brussel, 1 December 2006, Axa Belgium v Langendonck, Underinsured car. O
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